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Influential Scientists of the Atom [List] Name: Aristotle Discovery Date: 384-322 BC Occupation: Geek Philosopher Contribution: Theorized that all substances were composed of specifically pure materials. Description of contribution: Aristotle thought there were four primary ‘elements’ that made up everything: Wind, Fire, Water, and Earth. Experiments: Greek philosophers did not conduct experiments because they were only philosophers. Name: John Dalton Discovery Date: 1803 Occupation: English chemist Contribution: Proposed matter was made up of tiny particles much like ‘billiard balls’ and called them atoms Description of contribution: The word atom derives from the Greek work ‘atomos’ which means indivisible. Experiments: Dalton relied on other people’s experiments to construct his theory. Name: Democritus Discovery Date: 400 BC Occupation: Greek philosopher Contribution: Theorized that all matter was composed of tiny invisible particles. Description of contribution: His theory also supported the suggestion of different particles for different types of matter. Experiments: Greek philosophers did not conduct experiments because they were only philosophers. Name: Sir Joseph John Thompson Discovery Date: 1885 Occupation: British Physicist Contribution: Discovered the electron, its mass, and that all atoms contain electrons. Description of contribution: Used a cathode ray tube to determine the ratio of charge to mass of the particle. When holding charged plates up to the beam it bends toward the positively charged plate. This suggests the beam (electrons) has a negative charge. Experiments: Electricity passed through a vacuum tube to produce what Thompson called cathode ray. This ray passed through a small slit and bends toward positively charged conductors. Name: Antoine Henri Becquerel Discovery Date: 1895 Occupation: French Physicist Contribution: Discovered radioactivity Description of contribution: Radioactivity is spontaneous radiation (energy) given off from unstable nuclei. Experiments: Used photographic plate with uranium. Name: Maxwell Planck Discovery Date: 1900 Occupation: German Physicist Contribution: Discovered Quantum Theory and revolutionized understanding of atomic substances. Description of contribution: Planck’s radiation law is a relationship that explains distribution of radiation energy emitted by a heated surface. Experiments: None Name: Erwin Schrödinger Discovery Date: 1926 Occupation: Austrian Physicist Contribution: Idea of wavelike electron behavior was contributed upon by Schrödinger, along with an equation. Description of contribution: Schrödinger’s developed equation based on Louis DeBroglie’s theories which he called suitably the “Schrödinger Equation”. Experiments: None Name: Louis Victor DeBroglie Discovery Date: 1923 Occupation: French Physicist Contribution: Developed the idea that electrons travel in waves Description of contribution: An electron must have a certain wavelength otherwise it is “not allowed" to orbit the nucleus. Experiments: Unknown Illustration: Name: Ernest Rutherford Discovery Date: 1910 Occupation: British Scientist Contribution: Discovered the nucleus of the atom Description of contribution: By observing particles that bounced back off gold leaf foil, Rutherford suggested ‘clusters’ of particles must be present. Experiments: Rutherford aimed a beam of positively charged particles at gold leaf foil (only a few atoms thick). What he found was some of the particles veered off in different angles and even rebounded completely. Name: Sir James Chadwick Discovery Date: 1932 Occupation: British Physicist Contribution: Discovered the neutron Description of contribution: A neutron is a neutrally charged (no charge) particle which Chadwick discovered with a cloud chamber. Experiments: Used a ‘cloud chamber’ to perform various experiments during his research on neutrons. Name: Werner Heisenberg Discovery Date: 1927 Occupation: German Physicist Contribution: Uncertainty Principle of Quantum Mechanics Description of contribution: “When trying to identify where an electron is, the more precisely the position is determined, the less precisely the momentum is known.” Experiments: Unknown

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Carbon Atom

Contributed by Spectro on June 16, 2008, at 12:26 PM UTC.

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